I just stumbled across a 1624 satirical play based on a chess game and thought it might be fun to mention.
I haven't found the actual text available online or any details as to how it was staged, and the synopsis in Wikipedia doesn't sound much like it reflects a game as much as the combat chess done at some Renfairs, but it gives at least a 17th century example of a chess-inspired play.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Game_at_Chess